WORKING OF MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor also has cache memory that stores the information and data for the quick access to the instruction. It works on the binary data 0 and 1 which denotes the electric signal.
First of all i would like u to tell some about logic to understand 0 and 1 as a electrical signal. Logic is the working manner of any circuit by which we always wants profit. It is of two types:-

1.POSITIVE LOGIC:- In that 0 is the lower voltage=off circuit and 1 is the higher voltage than 

                                     0=on circuit.

                                     ex: As microprocessor operates on 5 v so for positive logic 5 v is binary

                                      code 1 and o is below that 

                                                                                                                                                                              

2.NEGATIVE LOGIC:- In that 0 is low voltage=on circuit condition and 1 is high voltage    

                                       compare to 0 voltage=off condition of circuit.

                                        ex: As iron cutoff after more heating which prevents our cloths

                                        negative logic by which we get profit                        

                   .

                                           

In before days microprocessor does not have cache memory due to which it retrieves the information from the RAM, it consumes more time to transfer data for execute. But in latest cache memory is present inside the processor which increase the performance. Processor first search the required data in cache. If it finds the data in cache it is known as CACHE HIT, else know as CACHE MISS. After that it will search in RAM.


Microprocessor operates on binary digits 0 and 1 which are known as bits. And  a group of bits is know as word.

There are mainly eight units in microprocessor which does a lot of task. The various parts are as below:-

1.ALU(arithmetic logic unit):-It performs the entire logical and arithmetic functions like add,sub,multiply,divide etc. and also reads the logical command. like creating folder,deleting folder. It takes the data from the registers to complete the task that assign by the control unit.

2.Prefetch unit:- In above picture it is located in interface area.prefetch unit is the first unit which accepts the data entered through the i/o device. It also analyze the data and instruction to the cache and assign the memory address to the data.This unique address is used later to access the data.  

                                                                                                                 

3.Code cache(decode unit):-It converts the analog signal to digital signal(binary language) which is understood by the ALU and register. In this unit encoder Ic is used which is responsible for the conversion, their Ic no. is 74147. It works in two part one on data to the register and other work on the given instruction. for more about encoder Ic you will learn in my other blog.

4.Registers:- In above picture it is at memory management.It is like a page of notebook as memory where data is stored after complete or before by the CU,ALU. It is used as a mini storage area by the ALU.

5.CU(control unit):- It is the important unit of the processor which mainly work to control on all the unit in it.It control all unit by sending signal to all the unit about how to operate on and what to do with the result.It also makes sure everything is happening in the right way in the right place.

6.Data cache:- Its work is similar to the ALU,decoder unit.Its main work is to convert digital(binary) data in to analog data to gives the output.

Above all are the main sequential work of microprocessor.

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SIMPLE FUNCTION WITH RAM

                                         

                                                      Block diagram of a CPU.

                       
Microprocessor is the primary components it function with i/o and memory as below:-

1.Firstly data and instruction is entered through the keyboard and other input devices and then.

2.It goes to the microprocessor in the prefetch unit.It will transfer these data for execution and then it retrieves the data and after processing gives to the memory.

3.Next output is given to the moniter,printer or output devices after storing it to the resisters or memory.

for details study about memory go to my memory blog...

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FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR

The three types of working of processor is as follows:-

1.Multi tasking:-It enables the processor to run multiple programs at a single time. As we know that the speed of processor is faster than the i/o devices so,it quickly switches to one program into other programs in such a way that it appearance like multiple tasking. In multiple tasking only one CPU is worked. In early period processor goes to rest after completing one instruction set or waiting for other but due to multi tasking features its performance,capacity of the system tends to increase.

e.g-like editing words and listening music.

There are also two types of multi tasking:-

• Preemptive:-It switch task between one to another without any permission. It may mainly apply on the same task open.

       e.g:-Any programme which use processor seperatly.

• Cooperative multi tasking:-In cooperative switching wants permission before switch.It may mainly apply on different task.Each programme in cooperative uses CPU for as long as need.

       e.g:-Installation and Uninstalltion of window,application.

2.Multi processing(parallel processing):-It is the technology used for the working of two processor in a single processor at a same time.It double the performance given by the system having one process unit.

3.Multi user:-More than single user can use the computer.It may more than one PC.

      e.g:-Remote access,destop connection etc.

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TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR

There are different types of processor according to the use,manufacture company etc. as given in above block:

• Now a days only two companies manufacture processor as Intel and AMD(advance micro devices).A lot of other companies also which form mobile processor like motorola,IBM etc.

1.Intel manufacture processor like celeron, Pentium,itanium,xeon,atom,core 2 due,dual core,core i3,i5,i7 etc.Intel provide a lot of features in thier processro like power management,speed rating etc. Intel processor adjust thier speed according to demand and u can also overlock thier speed by BIOS(basic input output system) setting.

2.AMD manufacture processor like Athlon,dueron,cyrix,dual core,core i3,i5,i7 etc.some more about AMD is that its speed is always in overlocked condition,so it may now run so long time as intel capacity.

for more about the processor company information click on that link.

• On the basis of instruction set two microprocessor.

1.CISC(Complex instruction set computing):-It is a slow types processor having more functions like playing games,listening music,editing text and a lot of work. Due to more functioning its speed is slow than that of RISC types processor.It mainly used in desktop,laptop computing.

2.RISC(Reduced instruction set computing):-Its speed is faster and having less functions. These types of processor are design for the special and particular functioning like database,server,email client etc. so,it mainly used in server computer.

• On the basis of insertion there are two processor.

1.Slot type:-This type of processor is installed in the slot(rectangular in shape and used for card type processor).In this type older version like p1,p2 and p3(pentium 3rd generation) processor installed which came in like a expansion card package like SECC(single edge contact cartidge,SEPP(single edge processor package) etc. These all microprocessor entirely covered with the plastic which also contain heat shrink with fan attached to it.

more about different slot and socket we will discuss in next post.

2.Socket type:-The microprocessor which installed in that socket are mainly square in shape.It is also two types:-

  i)LIF(low insertion force):- Pentium 3 and Pentium 4 are LIF 

     type processor.It require some force during installation to 

     the socket that's why it is said as LIF.In that,processor has 

     pins.

 ii)ZIF(zero insertion force):-In this type of processor pins are available on the motherboard socket. ZIF type processor is costlier than LIF type. Its modern type processor like Pentium 4 with extreme edition, dual core,core 2 duo,i3,i5,i7 support.Its socket are LGA775,LGA1155,LGA1156,LGA1366 etc. are the socket on which ZIF type processor is installed.

Note:-In previous days processor may damage fast due to pins in it which broke suddenly due to miss handling so its become costlier to change processor than less cost of motherboard that's why ZIF type processor came into picture so that it is easy to change motherboard now than processor which is costlier.

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SPEED OF MICROPROCESSOR

The speed of the processor generally depends on the following factors:-

• Number of transistor
• Bandwidth
• Clock speed
• Cache memory

1.Number of transistor:-Transistor is a active component which receive low signal and boost it by differentiating between its base and emitter terminal.The speed of processor directly depended on the number of transistor used in their manufacturing, before days the size of transistor is large so less transistor used in CPU but due to advancement in technology reduced its size so no. of transistor used in CPU is increase which increased processing speed. Transistor boost the signal which is given for processing and alot of work done by that also in creating logic device etc. For more read Transistor blog.

2.Bandwidth:-It specifies the number of binary digits that the microprocessor can process in a single instruction.It may 8 bit,16 bit,32 bit etc. Higher the bit higher the processing instruction and speed of processor.

3.Clock speed:-It is the speed by which processor execute or process any instruction.The clock speed varies from 66 MHZ to 3.8 GHz.

4.Cache memory:-Processor retrives the information form external storage RAM which consumes more time and slow down processing so in microprocessor cache is built so it process fast.In latest processor L1,L2 cache is built which stores the data and instruction for process. processor first check the data and instruction to cache memory if it find it know as cache hit if not then cache miss. After processor find it to external storage RAM. 
                                         Pentium I has L1(level 1) cache and Pentium II & Pentium III has L2(level 2) cache.Processor retrives data and instruction form cache at full speed.Cache size varies from processor to processor like 256 KB to 8 MB of L2 cache.

Interface of the processor:-

1.FSB(front side bus):-It refers to the bus which connects the CPU to system memory. It is the speed by which processor communicates with RAM.It also connects CPU to north bridge (MCH(memory controller hub)).Its speed varies from 66 to 1333 MHz. We can also adjust the speed of FSB by adjusting the BIOS setting or jumpher setting on motherboard.

2.BSB(back side bus):-It refers to the bus which connects the CPU to the L2 cache.Its speed is totally dependent on the speed of processor.BSB transfer data directly to CPU so it is faster than FSB.

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